Drug Misuse
Prescription
medications are commonly related with drug misuse. Prescription medications are
intended to be taken exactly as prescribed by doctors. This is because these
medications might have negative side effects if the instructions are not
followed.
Drug Misuse occurs when these drugs are used for purposes that are not in accordance with legal or medical norms.
-
Taking
the wrong dose
-
Taking
the medication at the wrong time
-
Forgetting
to take a dose
-
Stopping
the usage of a drug too soon
-
Taking
a medicine for reasons other than those indicated
-
Taking
a drug that was not prescribed to you
The
FDA (2019) defines prescription medication MISUSE as failing to follow medical
directions, although the individual using the medicine is not intending to
"get high." If a person is unable to fall asleep after taking a
single sleeping tablet, they may take another pill an hour later, reasoning,
"That will do the job." Alternatively, a person may offer his
headache medicine to a buddy in agony. Those are examples of drug abuse
because, according to the FDA, the individual is treating oneself but not in
accordance with the recommendations of their health care professionals. Prescription
medication abuse can include: taking the wrong dose; taking a dose at the wrong
time; forgetting to take a dose; and discontinuing medicine too soon, according
to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices.
Drug
Abuse
Drug abuse occurs when any psychoactive substance, including alcohol, illegal narcotics, and prescription medications, is used improperly to get high or hurt oneself. Since drug users exhibit profoundly changed thinking, behavior, and bodily functioning, it is also known as substance use disorder (SUD). According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, 2019), prescription drug abuse is the use of a medicine without a prescription, in a manner other than as directed, or for the experience or sensations it produces
1.0
THE CONCEPT EPIDEMIOLOGY
The
study and analysis of the distribution, patterns, and determinants of health
and disease conditions in a given population is known as epidemiology. It is a
cornerstone of public health, influencing policy and evidence-based practice by
identifying disease risk factors and preventative healthcare priorities.
Epidemiology is the discipline of medicine that studies all of the factors that
influence whether or not diseases and disorders exist. Epidemiological study
enables us to learn how many people are affected by a sickness or problem, if
those numbers are changing, and how the disorder affects society and the
economy (LastJM, 2012).
Many
epidemiological studies try to figure out how the number of persons affected by
a disease fluctuates over time. However, the definition of a condition changes
over time, making calculations more challenging. Even scientists working in the
same profession may disagree about the best technique to quantify or define a
certain illness.
Epidemiological
studies of substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) have yielded a
wealth of information on substance use patterns in globally representative
populations (Degenhardt et al. 2008; Johnston et al. 2011; SAMHSA 2011). For
decades, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute on
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and the Services Administration for
Mental Health and Substance Abuse (SAHMSA) have spent significant resources
tracking drug use, abuse, and effects.
Herbs,
leaves, and plants have been used to heal and control disease since the dawn of
time. If medications are delivered correctly, they do not pose any hazard.
(Sambo, 2008). Teenagers are the most vulnerable to substance misuse because
they experiment with drugs in various ways.
Substance
use is frequent among adolescents, according to epidemiological research, and
the age of first use is falling; meaning that adolescents now start using
substances earlier than they used to. A considerable number of them thereafter
develop a stereotypic pattern of use. It is generally recognized that some
psychoactive substances have particularly negative impacts on mental health and
cognitive functions, increasing the demand for mental health services for
children and adolescents.
This
section , further explains the epidemiology of substance abuse and substance
use disorders using the following subheadings.
SECTION 1
Contents
1.0 The Concept Epidemiology - - - - 8
- Prevalence of Substance Abuse - - - 10
1.2 Drug Misuse, Drug Abuse and Drug Addiction - 11
- Drug Misuse - - - - - - 12
- Drug Abuse - - - - - - 12
- Drug Addiction - - - - 13
-
Summary
- - - - - - 14
2.0 Overview
The use of illicit substances, alcohol, and cigarettes
contributes significantly to the worldwide burden of disease. Knowledge of the
primary features of substance use disorder natural history (incidence,
remission, persistence, and relapse) is essential for a more comprehensive
knowledge of the course and outcomes of substance use disorders.
The importance of "natural history" or "drug
use career" approaches to understanding the process of drug use start,
progression, addiction, cessation, and recovery has been increasingly stressed
(Anglin et al., 1997, 2001; Hser and Anglin, 1991; Hser et al., 1997; Maddux
and Desmond, 1986; Sobell et al., 1993; Valillant, 1988, 1992). According to
findings in the United States, patterns of lifetime drug use and related
disorders are significantly diverse. Many people try it out and then stop,
while others become regular users, and only a small percentage of these become
problematic or dependent users (Chen et al., 1997; Warner et al., 1995).
The National Drug Use and Health Survey (DUHS), for example,
suggests that non-marijuana illicit drug use is low (marijuana 39 percent,
cocaine 14 percent, methamphetamine 5 percent, and heroin 2 percent). Once they
begin using, a tiny subset of heavy users tends to continue and accumulate
issues until they are 'caught' in the criminal justice, health, or drug
treatment systems.
This
section , further explains the Natural Causes of substance abuse and substance
use disorders using the following subheadings.
SECTION 2
Contents
2.0 Overview - - - - - - - 17
2.1 Progression in Drug Use - - - - 17
- Drug Use Initiation and
Progression Phase - 18
- Experimentation Phase - - - - 19
- Frequent Use Phase - - - - 19
- Risky Use Phase - - - - 20
- Dependence Phase - - - - 21
- Additional Phase - - - - 22
- Crisis/Treatment Phase - - - - 24
2.2 Patterns of Natural History
of Substance Abuse - 24
·
Gender
Differences to Substance Abuse - - 25
·
Sex
and Gender Differences in Substance Use - 25
·
Sex
and Gender Differrences in Substance Use
Treatment
- - - - - - 27
·
Racial/Ethnic
Differences - - - 28
·
Summary
- - - - - 29
3.0 Drug Classification
A drug can be categorised based
on the active ingredient, chemical type
or how it is used to treat a specific condition. Each drug is divided into one
or more drug classes. A drug's activity can make another medicine less
effective. They may equally alter how the medicine is absorbed or used by your
body. An interaction that affects one medicine will likely affect others
in the same class when categorised by mechanism of action (FDA 2019).
Physicians have long known that
different medications have varying effects on different persons. Drugs can,
however, be grouped or categorised based on common symptomatologies or effects.
These long-standing, medically accepted truths underpin the categorizing
procedure. Stimulants, Depressants, Cannabinoids, Psychedelics, Opioids,
Dissociatives, and Empathogens are the seven different types of drugs. Each of
these kinds of drugs has the potential to impact on a person's central nervous
system and impair their normal faculties, including their ability to safely
operate a motor vehicle (FDA 2019).
This section of the book discussed on Substance/Drug Classifications And Its Associated Effects in which the author classified drugs into six (Stimulants, Central Nervous System Depressants (CNS), Hallucinogens, Opioids, Dissociatives and Empathogens)
3.1
STIMULANTS - - - - - 33
·
How
are they put to use - - - - 33
·
Effects
of Stimulants - - - - 33
·
Using
Stimulants with other drugs - - 34
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 35
·
Dependence
and tolerance - - - 35
3.1.0 Types Of Stimulants - - - - - 37
3.1.1
Amphetamines - - - - - - 38
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 38
·
What
do they look like - - - - 38
·
Slang
Names - - - - - 38
·
How
are Amphetamines Used? - - - 38
·
Effects
of Amphetamines - - - 39
·
Overdose
- - - - - 40
·
Descending
Symptoms of Amphetamines - 40
·
Amphetamines
used with other medications (Drugs) 41
·
Long-Term
Consequencies - - - 41
·
Mental
Health and Amphetamine Usage - - 42
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 42
·
Treatment
Alternatives - - - - 42
3.1.2
Betel Nut - - - - - - 44
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 44
·
Cultural
Practice - - - - 44
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 45
·
Betel
Quids - - - - - 45
·
Effects
of Betel Nut - - - - 45
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 46
·
Using
Betel Nut with Other Drugs - - 47
3.1.3
Caffeine - - - - - - 48
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 48
·
How
is caffeine used? - - - - 48
·
Effects
of caffeine - - - - 49
·
Overdose
- - - - - 50
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 51
·
Using
Caffeine with other Drugs - - 51
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 52
3.1.4
Cocaine - - - - - - 53
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 54
·
Other
Names - - - - - 54
·
How
is cocaine used? - - - - 54
·
Effects
of Cocaine - - - - 54
·
Overdose
- - - - - 55
·
Coming
Down Effect - - - - 56
·
Long-Term
Consequences - - - 56
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 57
3.1.5 Ice (Crystal Methamphetamine) - - - 58
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 56
·
Other
Names - - - - - 56
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 58
·
Effects
of Ice - - - - - 59
- Ice Short-term Consequences - - - 59
·
Overdose - - - - - 60
·
Coming
Down - - - - - 61
·
Long
Term Effects of Ice - - - 61
·
Ice
Psychosis - - - - - 62
- Is it Possible for
Methamphetamine to produce psychosis
In
healthy people? - - - - 63
- Methamphetamine Psychosis: How
to Spot it - 63
·
Dependence
- - - - - 64
·
Mental
Health Problems - - - 65
·
Mixing
ice with other drugs - - - 65
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 65
·
Treatment
for Ice Misuse - - - 65
3.1.6
Khat - - - - - - 67
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 67
·
Other
Names - - - - - 67
·
What
does it look like? - - - - 67
·
Effects
of Khat - - - - - 67
- Short-term Effects - - - - 68
- Long Term Effects - - - - 68
·
Mental
Health Risks - - - - 68
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 68
3.1.7
Nicotine - - - - - - 70
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 70
·
Street
Names for Cigarettes - - - 70
·
How
is Nicotine Used? - - - - 70
·
Effects
of Nicotine - - - - 71
·
Risk
Factors - - - - - 73
·
Long-term
Effects - - - - 73
·
Passive
Smoking - - - - 74
- Types of Second Hand Smoke - - - 75
- The dangers of Passive smoking
in one’s health - 75
- Second-Hand Smoke and pregnancy - - 75
- Passive Smoking and Children - - - 76
·
Using
Nicotine with other Drugs - - 76
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 77
3.1.8
Synthetic Cathinones - - - - 78
·
Types
of Cathinones commonly used - - 78
·
How
are they used? - - - - 79
·
Effects
of Synthetic Cathinones - - - 79
·
Using
Synthetic Cathinones with other Drugs - 81
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 81
·
Dependence
and Tolerance - - - 82
·
Coming
Down Effect - - - - 82
·
Summary - - - - - 83
·
3.2
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS - 86
·
How
are they used? - - - - 86
·
Effects
of Depressants - - - - 87
·
Using
Depressants with other drugs - - 88
·
Health
and safety - - - - 88
·
Dependence
and Tolerance - - - 89
3.2.0
Types of Central Nervous System Depressants - - 90
3.2.1
Alcohol - - - - - - 91
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 92
·
Patterns
of Alcohol Drinking - - - 92
·
Other
Names - - - - - 93
·
Effects
of Alcohol - - - - 93
·
Overdose
- - - - - 94
·
Coming
Down - - - - - 95
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 95
·
The
Pathophysiology of Alcohol Consummation - 96
- Blackouts - - - - - 96
- Hangovers - - - - - 96
- Alcohol Metabolism - - - - 97
·
Alcohol
and Mental Health - - - 97
·
Alcohol
Intoxification - - - - 98
·
Alcohol
Use Disorder - - - - 98
·
Tolerance
and Dependence - - - 99
·
Mixing
Alcohol with other Drugs - - 99
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 99
3.2.2
Benzodiazepines - - - - - 101
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 101
·
Slang
Names - - - - - 101
·
Types
of Benzodiazepines - - - 101
·
Effects
of Benzodiazepines - - - 102
·
Overdose
- - - - - 103
·
Long
Term Effects - - - - 104
·
Using
Benzodiazepines with other Drugs - 104
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 105
3.2.3
GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyrate) - - 106
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 106
·
Other
Names - - - - - 106
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 106
·
Effects
of GHB - - - - - 107
·
Overdose
- - - - - 107
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 108
·
Using
GHB with other drugs - - - 108
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 108
3.2.4
KAVA - - - - - - 110
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 110
·
Other
Names - - - - - 110
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 111
- Pacific Islands - - - - 111
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander People 111
- Herbal Preparations - - - 111
·
Effects
of Kava - - - - - 111
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 112
·
Impact
of Mood and Environment - - 113
·
Using
Kava with other Drugs - - - 114
- Problems of Long-term Use of
Kava - 114
- Reducing Harm - - - - 115
- Seek Medical Advice for Kava
Symptoms 115
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 115
·
Summary
- - - - - 116
3.3
HALLUCINOGENS - - - - 119
·
How
are they used - - - - 121
·
Effects
of Psychedelics - - - - 121
·
Bad
Trips - - - - - 122
·
Flashbacks
- - - - - 123
·
Using
Psychedelics with other drugs - - 123
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 124
·
Dependence
and Tolerance - - - 124
- Long Term Psychedelics Usage - - 125
- Treatment for drug Dependence - - 125
3.3.0
Types of Hallucinogens - - - - 126
3.3.1
LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) - - 127
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 127
·
What
it looks like - - - - 127
·
Other
Names - - - - - 127
·
How
is LSD used? - - - - 128
·
Effects
of LSD - - - - - 128
·
Overdose
- - - - - 128
·
Bad
Trips - - - - - 129
·
Coming
Down - - - - - 129
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 129
·
LSD
and Mental Health - - - 130
·
Tolerance
- - - - - 130
·
Mixing
LSD with other Drugs - - - 130
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 131
3.3.2
Ayahuasca - - - - - 132
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 133
·
What
does it look like? - - - - 133
·
Other
Names - - - - - 133
·
Effects
of Ayahuasca - - - - 133
·
Set
and Setting - - - - - 134
·
Bad
Trips - - - - - 134
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 135
·
Tolerance
and Dependence - - - 135
·
Mixing
Ayahuasca with Other Drugs - - 135
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 135
3.3.3
DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) - - - 137
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 137
·
What
Does DMT Look Like - - - 137
·
Other
Names - - - - - 137
·
How
is DMT used? - - - - 138
·
Effects
of DMT - - - - 138
- Impact of Mood Environment - - 139
- Long-Term Effects - - - 140
·
DMT
and Mental Health - - - 140
·
Bad
Trips - - - - - 140
·
Flashbacks
- - - - - 140
·
Tolerance
and Dependence - - - 141
3.3.4
NBOMes (N-methoxybenzyl) - - - 142
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 142
·
Other
Names for NBOMes - - - 142
·
What
do they look like? - - - 142
·
Effects
of NBOMes - - - - 142
·
Overdose
- - - - - 143
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 144
·
Taking
NBOMes with other Drugs - - 144
3.3.5
Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms) - - - 145
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 145
·
What
do they look like? - - - - 145
·
How
are they used? - - - - 145
·
Other
Names - - - - - 145
·
Effects
of Magic Mushrooms - - - 145
·
Mushroom
Poisoning - - - - 146
·
Effects
of Poisonous Mushrooms - - 146
·
Agaricus
Xanthodermus (Yellow-Coloured Mushroom) 147
·
Death
Cap (Amanita Phalloides) - - - 148
·
Overdose
- - - - - 149
·
Bad
Trips - - - - - 149
·
Coming
Down - - - - - 150
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 150
·
Using
Mushrooms with other drugs - - 150
·
Tolerance
and Dependence - - - 151
·
Health
and safety - - - - 151
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 151
·
Summary - - - - - 152
3.4
CANNABINOIDS - - - - - 155
·
Classes
of cannabinoids - - - 156
·
The
Endocannabinoid System - - - 157
·
What
do cannabinoids do? - - - 157
·
How
are they used? - - - - 157
·
Effects
of cannabinoids - - - - 157
·
Cannabinoids
and other drugs - - - 158
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 159
·
Dependence
and Tolerance - - - 159
3.4.0
Types of Cannabinoids - - - - 160
3.4.1
Butane Hash Oil (BHO) - - - - 161
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 161
·
Other
Names - - - - - 161
·
How
is it used - - - - - 161
·
Effects
of BHO - - - - - 162
·
Long-Term
effects - - - - 163
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 163
3.4.2
Cannabidol (CBD) - - - - 164
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 164
·
What
does it look like? - - - - 164
·
Other
Names - - - - - 165
·
How
is it used - - - - - 165
·
Effects
of CBD - - - - - 165
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 166
·
Mixing
CBD with other Drugs - - - 167
3.4.2
Cannabis - - - - - 168
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 168
·
Other
Names - - - - - 168
·
Historical
Antecedents of Canabis - - 168
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 170
·
Effects
of Cannabis - - - - 170
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 171
·
Using
cannabis with other drugs - - 172
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 172
3.4.4
Medicinal Cannabis - - - - 173
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 173
·
The
Endocanabinoid System - - - 173
·
Types
and forms of Medicinal cannabis - - 174
- Why smoking cannabis for medical
Purpose is
Not recommended - - - 174
- Side Effects - - - - 175
- What Medicinal cannabis products
are available 175
- What can medicinal cannabis be
used for? 176
·
The
side effects of Medicinal Cannabis Treatment 176
·
General
Cautions - - - - 177
3.4.5
Synthetic Cannabinoids - - - - 179
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 179
·
What
do Synthetic Cannabinoids Look like? - 179
·
Other
Names - - - - - 180
·
How
are Synthetic Cannabinoids used? - - 180
·
Effects
of Synthetic Cannabinoids - - 180
·
Set
and Setting - - - - - 181
·
Overdose
- - - - - 181
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 182
·
Tolerance
and Dependence - - - 182
·
Mixing
Synthetic cannabinoids with other drugs - 182
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 183
- Regulating Intake - - - 183
- Packaging that gives the Wrong
Impression 184
- When it should be avoided at all
costs - 184
·
Summary
- - - - - 185
3.5
OPIOIDS - - - - - - 187
·
The
opioids receptor system - - - 188
·
How
are they used? - - - - 189
·
Opioid-Based
Medications - - - 189
·
Effect
of Opioids - - - - 190
·
Long-Term
Effects Include - - - 191
·
Using
opioids with other Drugs - - - 191
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 191
·
Pain
Management Strategies - - - 192
·
Tolerance
and Dependence - - - 192
3.5.0
Types of Opioids - - - - - 193
3.5.1
Buprenorphine - - - - - 194
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 194
·
Other
Names - - - - - 194
- Pharmaceutical Names - - - 194
- Slang Names - - - - 195
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 195
·
How
effective is it? - - - - 195
·
Buprenorphine
Maintenance Therapy - - 196
·
Therapy
Component - - - - 196
·
Advantages
of Buprenorphine Maintenance over
Heroin
Use - - - - - 197
·
Effect
of Buprenorphine - - - 198
·
Side
Effects - - - - - 198
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 198
3.5.2
Codeine - - - - - - 200
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 200
·
Why
is this Medication Prescribed? - - 200
·
Mode
of Administration of Codeine - - 201
·
Other
Names - - - - - 201
·
Effects
of Codeine - - - - 201
·
Overdose
- - - - - 202
·
Long-Term
Effects of Codeine - - - 204
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 204
3.5.3
Buprenorphine – Long Acting Injectable - 206
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 206
·
What
is depot Buprenorphine? - - - 206
·
Other
Names - - - - - 207
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 207
·
Effects
of Buprenorphine - - - 209
3.5.4
Fentanyl - - - - - - 212
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 212
·
Illicitly
Manufactured Fentanyl - - - 212
·
Street
Names - - - - - 213
·
What
it looks like - - - - 213
·
Medicinal
Use - - - - - 213
·
Illicit
Use - - - - - 213
·
Effects
of Fentanyl - - - - 214
·
Fentanyl
Overdose - - - - 215
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 216
·
Using
Fentanyl with other drugs - - 216
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 217
3.5.5
Heroin - - - - - - 218
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 218
·
Other
Names - - - - - 218
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 219
·
Effects
of Heroin? - - - - 219
·
Heroin
Overdose - - - - 220
·
Coming
Down - - - - - 220
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 221
·
Using
Heroin with Other Drugs - - - 221
·
Withdrawal - - - - - 221
3.5.6
Methadone - - - - - 223
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 224
·
Other
Names - - - - - 224
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 224
·
How
effective is it? - - - - 225
·
Advantages
of Methadone Maintenance over Heroin
Use - - - - - - 225
·
Effects
of Methadone - - - - 225
- Side Effects - - - - 226
- Dose-related effects - - - 226
·
Overdose
- - - - - 227
·
Long-Term
effects - - - - 227
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 227
3.5.7
Naloxone - - - - - - 228
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 228
·
Counselling
Intervention - - - 228
·
How
is it used - - - - - 229
·
Effects
of Naloxone - - - - 229
- Side Effects - - - - 229
·
Naloxone
and Opioid Overdose - - - 230
3.5.8
Opium - - - - - - 231
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 231
·
History
of Opium - - - - 231
·
What
does it look like? - - - - 232
·
Slang
Names - - - - - 232
·
How
is opium used? - - - - 232
·
Effects
of Opium - - - - 232
- Opium effect on the Mind - - 233
- Opium Effect on the body - - 232
·
Overdose
- - - - - 233
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 234
·
Opium
and Lead Poisoning - - - 234
·
Mixing
Opium with other Drugs - - 234
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 235
3.5.9
Oxycodone - - - - - 236
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 237
·
Types
of Oxycodone - - - - 237
·
How
is Oxycodone used? - - - 237
·
Effects
of Oxycodone - - - - 237
·
Overdose
- - - - - 238
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 239
·
Using
Oxycodone with other Drugs - - 239
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 239
·
Summary
- - - - - 241
3.6
DISSOCIATIVES - - - - - 244
·
How
are they used? - - - - 245
·
Effects
of Dissociatives - - - - 245
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 246
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 247
·
Dependence
and Tolerance - - - 247
3.6.0 Types of Dissociatives - - - - 249
3.6.1
Ketamine - - - - - 250
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 251
·
Other
Names - - - - - 251
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 251
·
Effects
of Ketamine - - - - 251
·
Overdose
- - - - - 252
·
Coming
Down - - - - - 252
·
Long-Term
Effect - - - - 252
·
Ketamine
Bladder Syndrome - - - 253
·
Using
Ketamine with Other Drugs - - 253
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 253
3.6.2
Methoxetamine - - - - - 254
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 254
·
How
is it used? - - - - 254
·
Effects
of Methoxetamine (MXE) - - 254
·
Using
Methoxetamine with other Drugs - 255
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 256
·
Dependence
and Tolerance - - - 256
·
Urinary
Tract Effects - - - - 256
·
Coming
Dowm/Withdrawal - - - 257
3.6.3
Nitrous Oxide - - - - - 258
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 258
·
How
is it used? - - - - - 258
·
Other
Names - - - - - 258
·
Effects
of Nitrous Oxide - - - 258
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 259
·
Mixing
with other drugs - - - 260
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 260
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 261
·
Summary
- - - - - 262
3.7
EMPATHOGENS - - - - - 264
·
Empathogens
and the Brain - - - 266
·
How
are they used? - - - - 266
·
Street
Names - - - - - 267
·
Effects
of Empathogens - - - 267
·
Empathogens
and Other Drugs - - - 268
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 268
·
Dependence
and Tolererance - - - 268
3.7.0
Types of Empathogens - - - - 269
3.7.1
Ethylone - - - - - - 270
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 270
·
Other
Names - - - - - 270
·
How
is ethylone used? - - - - 270
·
Effects
of Ethylone - - - - 270
·
Impact
of Mood and Environment - - 271
·
Using
Ethylone with other drugs - - 272
·
Health
and Safety - - - - 272
·
Dependence
and Tolerance - - - 272
3.7.2
MDMA (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) - 273
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 274
·
Other
Names - - - - - 274
·
How
is MDMA used? - - - - 274
·
Effects
of MDMA - - - - 274
·
MDMA,
Dehydration and Overheating - - 275
·
Coming
Down - - - - - 276
·
Long-Term
Effects - - - - 277
·
Mixing
MDMA with other Drugs - - 277
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 277
3.7.3
Mephedrone - - - - - 279
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 279
·
Other
Names - - - - - 279
·
How
is Mephedrone used? - - - 279
·
Effects
of Mephedrone - - - - 280
·
Overdose
- - - - - 281
·
Coming
Down - - - - - 281
·
Long-Term
Consequences - - - 281
·
Using
Mephedrone with other Drugs - - 281
·
Withdrawal
- - - - - 282
3.7.4
PMA and PMMA - - - - 283
·
Chemical
Structure - - - - 283
·
How
are they Used? - - - - 283
·
Slang
Names - - - - - 283
·
Effects
of PMA and PMMA - - - 283
·
Physical
Health Risks - - - - 284
·
Overdose
- - - - - 285
·
Long-Term
Consequences - - - 285
·
Using
PMA or PMMA with other Drugs - 285
·
Addiction
and Tolerance PMA or PMMA - 285
·
Summary - - - - - 286
SECTION
4: COUNSELLING FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS .
4.0 Defining Counselling - - - - - 289
·
Substance
Abuse and Substance Use Disorder Counselor 290
- Drug Addiction Counselors
Responsibilities - 291
- Services Provided - - - 291
·
Substance
Abuse vs. Addiction - - - 291
4.1 Causes & Risk Factors for
Addiction - - 292
4.2 Types & Levels of Rehab
Treatment - - 293
·
Detoxification
- - - - - 293
·
Inpatient/residential
Rehabilitation - - 294
·
Outpatient
rehab & Intensive Outpatient Programs- 294
4.3 Drug Addiction Therapy
Programs - - - 295
·
Addiction
Treatment - - - - 295
·
Behavioural
Therapy - - - - 296
- Individual, Group & family
Therapy - 296
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) - 297
- Contingency Management (CM) - 297
- Motivational Interviewing (MI) - - 299
- Dialectal Behavioural Therapy
(DBT) - 300
- Eye movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing (EMDR) - - - 301
- Rational Emotive Behaviour
Therapy (REBT) 302
- Seeking Safety & Other Trauma
Focused
Therapies - - - - 304
- Matrix Model - - - - 305
- 12-Step Facilitation - - - 305
- Other, Holistic & Alternative Drug Abuse
Therapy - - - - 306
·
Conclusion
- - - - - 308
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